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Fosl History of Ancient Philosophy Transylvania UniversityIH   6  Pythagoras    Pythagoras   570 - 497 BCE Born in Samos to Mnesarchus Travels widely: Egypt, Phoenicia, Babylon 530 to escape tyrant Polycrates moves to Italy, Croton Acquires followers who treat him as demigodb     ?     , Pythagoras & Pythagoreans,      Followers acquire political power in a number of southern Italian cities Series of revolts against Pythagoreans leads to dispersal of group The movement becomes popular across Greece Pythagoras moves to and dies in MetapontumLc   G        Pythagoras & Pythagoreans,      Movement fades in second/first centuries BCE but then has resurgence in Roman culture during first/second centuries CE Principal figures: Hippasus, Philolaus, Archytas Influences Plato, Neo-Platonists, and early modern astronomers like Keplerb        D    Pythagoras & Pythagoreans,      Many stories attributed to him That he was Apollo and had golden thigh That he could talk to animals That he could control the weather That he could be in two places at once He himself wrote nothing, taught in secrecy   Pythagoras & Pythagoreans,      General features of what came to be known as Pythagoreanism: Musical & mathematical studies Purification practices: diet, solitude, silence Doctrine of immortality and transmigration Doctrine of divine harmony in universe Fundamental importance of number -    Pythagoras & Pythagoreans,      Other associated doctrines include: That the planets are gods, the Earth alive All people have a bit of the divine within themselves --  psyche or soul One must try to order the soul in line with harmony of nature and the kosmos Psyche must free itself of the body6 P    $  Pythagoras & Pythagoreans,      That soul is eternal Use of music therapy to achieve harmony Friendship valued as it reflects divine harmony Table of Opposites Tetraktys$       Pythagorean Table of Opposites  :Limited Odd One Right Male Rest Straight Light Good Square;: ;  BUnlimited Even Many Left Female Motion Crooked Darkness Bad OblongCB C  Pythagoras & Pythagoreans,      {Basic importance of Limted/Unlimited The limited (one) breathes in the void to create multiplicity (two and other numbers)    b Pythagorean Ethics  Purification, asceticism, vegetarianism But no beans! Friendship and kindness to all things Denial and discipline of body Study of music, mathematics, solitude Three types of rational beings: gods, humans, and those like Pythagoras      Importance of Number   Harmony of universe characterized in numeric ratios, like musical harmonies Spheres related to each other according to such ratios--hence  music of the spheres Some regarded number itself as the basic constituent of the world Point-line-surface-solid (1-2-3-4)   Importance of Number  <Discovery of irrational numbers caused deep trouble for Pythagoreans, but mathematical advances Tetraktys Oath:  By him who handed down the tetraktys. . . . 6` $  L8      #      Philosophical Advances  Attention to form/structure rather than material composition of things Develops set of ethical practices associated with physical/metaphysical theories Seem to have been first to use the term  philosophos /  philosophoi 6  6       Pythagoras & Pythagoreans,        ` ___f3f` ___3f` 999MMM>?" dd@,|?" dd@   " @ `"  n?" dd@   @@``PR    @ ` ` p>>     (  b8  q0a q 0a2  C BUCENG HZI8Qf3? جU,جU,8`T,8`T q0a2  C BUCENG HZIDQD? 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